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Child labour, gender inequality and rural/urban disparities: how can Ethiopia’s national development strategies be revised to address negative spill-over impacts on child education and wellbeing?
2005
Tassew Woldehanna, Bekele Tefera, Nicola Jones, Alebel Bayrau
Young Lives
The Ethiopian Government has emphasised the intensification of agricultural activities in order to increase livelihood options and provide better safety nets for the poor (e.g. through food or cash‑for‑work programmes).
Drawing on a sample of 1999 households with at least one child aged 6 to 17 months in 2002, and from additional household data collected from 3115 children aged 7 to 17 years from twenty sentinel sites, the Young Lives Project sought to understand the impact on child labour and child schooling
of public policy interventions formulated within the PRSP, and how changes are mediated through gender and rural‑urban differences.
These were the key findings: children were commonly involved in fetching water, firewood and dung both for household use and sale, although they were more likely to attend school when there was adequate household labour. School attendance was significantly lower in rural than in urban sites, while dropout rates were dramatically higher in rural areas. Maternal education levels significantly decreased the likelihood of children combining work and school. Increased land and livestock ownership led to a greater demand for child labour and reduced school enrolment. The involvement of
households in more diversified activities increased the demand for labour which is frequently met by children, particularly boys, with girls commonly substituting for their mothers.
In light of the above, Young Lives recommends the following measures to help reduce child labour and increase schooling:
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introducing cash transfers and credit provisions to poor families to offset school costs especially for older and rural children, and to cushion the adverse impact of household shocks;
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improving school availability in rural areas and strengthening the policy focus on female education, including investment in adult literacy programmes;
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introducing credit measures to facilitate labour transactions;
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modernising domestic and farm technologies to reduce labour intensity;
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rationalising livestock raising patterns;
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improving women’s productive work opportunities while simultaneously ensuring that their care work burden is reduced by considering subsidized community childcare arrangements or preschool services;
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introducing safety nets, particularly for female‑headed households;
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improving community infrastructure, especially energy and water sources and affordable transportation;
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reducing vulnerability to shocks such as drought through investing in irrigation schemes.
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